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Turtles are ancient reptiles characterized by a specialized bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs that acts as a protective shield. These shells consist of two main parts: the carapace on the back and the plastron on the belly, joined together by a structure called a bridge. Turtles are found on every continent except Antarctica and have adapted to a staggering variety of environments, ranging from the open ocean and freshwater ponds to arid deserts. While the terms "turtle," "tortoise," and "terrapin" are often used interchangeably, they typically refer to different lifestyles: tortoises are strictly land-dwellers with heavy, stumpy feet, while aquatic turtles often possess webbed feet or streamlined flippers for swimming. Biologically, turtles are remarkable for their longevity and unique physiological traits. Many species are known to live for several decades, and some tortoises can even exceed 150 years of age. Because they are ectotherms (cold-blooded), their metabolism is relatively slow, which contributes to their long lifespans. Their diets vary significantly by species; some are strict herbivores grazing on seagrass or cacti, while others are opportunistic omnivores or carnivores that eat fish, insects, and jellyfish. Despite their heavy armor, many turtle species are currently threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, making them a major focus of global conservation efforts to protect the nesting beaches and migratory routes they have used for millions of years.